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    Earthquake-resistant design of structures / S.K. Duggal, Department of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad.

    By: Duggal, S. K [author.]Material type: TextTextSeries: Oxford higher education: Publisher: New Delhi, India : Oxford University Press, 2013Edition: Second editionDescription: xvi, 511 pages : illustrations ; 24 cmContent type: text Media type: unmediated Carrier type: volumeISBN: 9780198083528; 0198083521Subject(s): Earthquake resistant design -- Textbooks | Earthquake resistant designGenre/Form: Textbooks.DDC classification: 624.1/762 LOC classification: TA658.44 | .D84 2013
    Contents:
    Machine generated contents note: 1.Earthquakes and Ground Motion -- 1.1.The Interior of the Earth -- 1.2.Causes of Earthquakes -- 1.2.1.The Indian Plate and Himalayan Earthquakes -- 1.2.2.Elastic Rebound Theory -- 1.2.3.Plate Tectonic Theory -- 1.2.4.Causes of Volcanic Earthquakes -- 1.3.Nature and Occurrence of Earthquakes -- 1.4.Seismic Waves -- 1.5.Graphical Method of Locating Earthquakes -- 1.6.Effects of Earthquakes -- 1.7.Consequences of Earthquake Damage -- 1.8.Measurements of Earthquakes -- 1.8.1.Intensity -- 1.8.2.Magnitude -- 1.8.3.Moment Magnitude -- 1.8.4.Magnitude and Intensity in Seismic Regions -- 1.8.5.Seismographs -- 1.9.Strong Ground Motion -- 1.10.Local Site Effects -- 1.10.1.Topographic Effects -- 1.10.2.Basin Effects -- 1.10.1.Lateral Discontinuity Effects -- 1.11.Classification of Earthquakes -- 1.12.Seismic Zoning -- 1.13.Response of Structure to Earthquake Motion -- 1.14.Seismic Design -- 2.Dynamics of Structures and Seismic Response -- 2.1.Modelling of Structures -- 2.1.1.Lumped Mass Approach -- 2.1.2.Generalized Displacement Procedure -- 2.1.3.Finite Element Procedure -- 2.2.Equations of Motion -- 2.2.1.Direct Equilibration Using d'Alembert's Principle -- 2.2.2.Principle of Virtual Displacements -- 2.2.3.Energy Method -- Hamilton's Principle -- 2.3.Systems with Single Degree of Freedom -- 2.4.Dynamic Response of Single-storey Structure -- 2.4.1.Free Vibration Response -- 2.4.2.Forced Vibration Response -- 2.5.Seismic Response of SDOF Structures -- 2.5.1.Elastic Seismic Response -- 2.5.2.Inelastic Seismic Response -- 2.6.Response Spectrum -- 2.6.1.Elastic Systems -- 2.6.2.Inelastic Systems -- 2.7.Design Spectrum -- 2.7.1.Elastic Systems -- 2.7.2.Inelastic Systems -- 2.8.Systems with Multiple Degrees of Freedom -- 2.8.1.Equations of Motion -- 2.9.Periods and Modes of Vibration of MDOF Systems -- 2.10.Elastic Response of MDOF Systems -- 2.11.Inelastic Response of MDOF Systems -- 2.12.Restoring Force -- 2.13.Damping -- 2.14.Damping Values for Buildings -- 2.15.Uncertainties of Dynamic Analysis -- 3.Dynamics of Soils and Seismic Response -- 3.1.Stress Conditions of Soil Element -- 3.2.Dynamic Behaviour of Soil -- 3.2.1.Settlement of Dry Sands -- 3.2.2.Liquefaction of Saturated Cohesionless Soils -- 3.3.Dynamic Design Parameters of Soils -- 3.3.1.Shear Modulus -- 3.3.2.Damping -- 3.4.Soil-Structure Interaction -- 3.5.Dynamic Analysis of Soil -- Structure Systems -- 3.5.1.Soil Models -- 3.5.2.Methods of Analysis -- 3.6.Seismic Considerations for Foundations -- 3.6.1.Shallow Foundations (Spread Footing) -- 3.6.2.Deep Foundations (Pile Foundation) -- 3.7.Test of Soil Characteristics -- 3.7.1.Field Tests -- 3.7.2.Laboratory Tests -- 4.Conceptual Design -- 4.1.Continuous Load Path -- 4.2.Overall Form -- 4.3.Simplicity, Unformity, and Symmetry -- 4.4.Elongated Shapes -- 4.5.Stiffness and Strength -- 4.6.Horizontal and Vertical Members -- 4.7.Twisting of Buildings -- 4.8.Ductility -- 4.9.Flexible Building -- 4.10.Functional Planning -- 4.11.Framing Systems -- 4.12.Effect of Non-structural Elements -- 4.13.Choice of Construction Materials -- 5.Code-based Analysis Method and Design Approaches -- 5.1.Seismic Design Requirements -- 5.2.Design Earthquake Loads -- 5.2.1.Design Horizontal Earthquake Load -- 5.2.2.Design Vertical Earthquake Load -- 5.2.3.Combination for Two-or Three-component Motion -- 5.2.4.Basic Load Combinations -- 5.3.Permissible Stresses -- 5.4.Seismic Methods of Analysis -- 5.4.1.Basic Assumptions -- 5.4.2.Methods of Elastic Analysis -- 5.4.3.Limitations of Equivalent Lateral Force and Response Spectrum Analysis Procedures -- 5.4.4.Equivalent Lateral Force vs Response Spectrum Analysis Procedures -- 5.5.Factors in Seismic Analysis -- 5.5.1.Zone Factor [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 6.4] -- 5.5.2.Importance Factor [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.2] -- 5.5.3.Response Reduction Factor [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 6.4] -- 5.5.4.Fundamental Natural Period -- 5.5.5.Design Response Spectrum [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 6.4.5] -- 5.6.Seismic Base Shear -- 5.7.Seismic Weight [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.4] -- 5.8.Distribution of Design Force [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.7] -- 5.8.1.Equivalent Lateral Force Method -- 5.8.2.Response Spectrum Method -- 5.9.Time-history Method -- 5.10.Torsion [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.9] -- 5.11.Soft and Weak Storeys in Construction [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.10] -- 5.12.Overturning Moment -- 5.13.Other Structural Requirements -- 5.13.1.Storey Drift [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.11.1] -- 5.13.2.Deformation Compatibility of Non-seismic Members (IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.11.2) -- 5.13.3.Separation between Adjacent Units [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.11.3] -- 5.13.4.Foundations [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.12.1] -- 5.13.5.Cantilever Projections [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.12.2] -- 5.13.6.Compound Walls [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.12.3] -- 5.13.7.Connections between Parts [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.12.4] -- 5.14.Earthquake-resistant Design Methods -- 5.15.Seismic Response Control -- 5.16.Seismic Response Control Systems -- 5.17.Passive Seismic Control System -- 5.17.1.Base Isolation and Isolating Devices -- 5.17.2.Energy Dissipation and Dissipating Devices -- Dampers -- 5.17.3.Dynamic Oscillators -- 5.18.Active Seismic Control System -- 5.19.Hybrid Seismic Control Systems -- 5.20.Semi-active Control Systems -- 6.Masonry Buildings -- 6.1.Categories of Masonry Buildings -- 6.2.Behaviour of Unreinforced Masonry Walls -- 6.3.Behaviour of Reinforced Masonry Walls -- 6.4.Behaviour of Walls -- Box Action and Bands -- 6.5.Behaviour of Infill Walls -- 6.6.Confined Masonry Construction -- 6.7.Improving Seismic Behaviour of Masonry Buildings -- 6.8.Load Combinations and Permissible Stresses -- 6.9.Seismic Design Requirements -- 6.10.Seismic Design of Masonry Buildings -- 6.11.Restoration and Strengthening of Masonry Walls -- 6.11.1.Grouting -- 6.11.2.Guniting -- 6.11.3.Prestressing -- 6.11.4.External Binding -- 6.11.5.Inserting New Wall -- 7.Timber Buildings -- 7.1.Structural Form -- 7.2.Connections -- 7.2.1.Nailed Joints -- 7.2.2.Bolted Joints -- 7.2.3.Connector Joints -- 7.2.4.Finger Joints -- 7.3.Lateral Load Transfer in Timber Buildings -- 7.4.Floors and Roofs -- 7.5.Timber Shear Panel Construction -- 7.6.Stud-wall Construction -- 7.7.Brick-nogged Timber Frame Construction -- 7.8.Substructure -- 7.9.Site Response -- 7.10.Ductile Behaviour of Joints -- 7.11.Fire Resistance -- 7.12.Decay -- 7.13.Permissible Stresses -- 7.14.Restoration and Strengthening -- 7.14.1.Strengthening of Slabs -- 8.Reinforced Concrete Buildings -- 8.1.Damage to RC Buildings -- 8.2.Principles of Earthquake-resistant Design of RC Members -- 8.2.1.Ductile Failure -- 8.3.Interaction between Concrete and Steel -- 8.4.Concrete Detailing -- General Requirements -- 8.5.Flexural Members in Frames -- 8.5.1.Dimensions -- 8.5.2.Longitudinal Reinforcement -- 8.5.3.Lap Splices -- 8.5.4.Web Reinforcement -- 8.6.Columns and Frame Members Subjected to Bending and Axial Load -- 8.6.1.Dimensions -- 8.6.2.Longitudinal Reinforcement -- 8.6.3.Transverse Reinforcement -- 8.7.Special Confining Reinforcement -- 8.8.Joints of Frames -- 8.9.Slabs -- 8.9.1.Diaphragm Action -- 8.9.2.Ductile Detailing -- 8.10.Staircases -- 8.11.Upstands and Parapets -- 8.12.Shear Walls -- 8.13.Behaviour of Shear Walls -- 8.14.Tall Shear Walls -- 8.14.1.Flexural Strength -- 8.14.2.Shear Strength -- 8.14.3.Construction Joints -- 8.15.Squat Shear Walls -- 8.16.Design of Shear Walls -- 8.17.Restoration and Strengthening -- 8.17.1.Restoration -- 8.17.2.Strengthening -- 8.18.Prestressed Concrete Construction -- 8.18.1.Specifications -- 8.18.2.Characteristics -- 8.19.Precast Concrete Construction -- 9.Steel Buildings -- 9.1.Seismic Behaviour of Structural Steel -- 9.2.Materials and Workmanship -- 9.3.Steel Frames -- 9.3.1.Behaviour of Unbraced Frames -- 9.3.2.Behaviour of Braced Frames -- 9.4.Flexural Members -- 9.4.1.Behaviour under Cyclic Loading -- 9.5.Frame Members Subjected to Axial Compression and Bending -- 9.5.1.Moment -- Curvature Relationship for Columns -- 9.5.2.Behaviour of Columns under Cyclic Loading -- 9.6.Connection Design and Joint Behaviour -- 9.6.1.Detailing of Steel Connections -- 9.6.2.Behaviour of Connections under Cyclic Loading -- 9.7.Steel Panel Zones -- 9.7.1.Deformation Behaviour of Panel Zone -- 9.7.2.Detailing Panel Zone for Seismic Resistance -- 9.7.3.Stiffeners in
    Panel Zone -- 9.8.Bracing Members -- 9.8.1.Behaviour of Bracing under Cyclic Loading -- 9.9.Loads and Load Combinations -- 9.10.Ductile Design of Frame Members -- 9.11.Retrofitting and Strengthening of Structural Steel Frames -- 9.11.1.Retrofitting -- 9.11.2.Strengthening -- 10.Non-structural Elements -- 10.1.Failure Mechanisms of Non-structures -- 10.2.Effect of Non-structural Elements on Structural System -- 10.3.Analysis of Non-structural Elements -- 10.3.1.Dynamic Analysis -- 10.3.2.Equivalent Static Analysis -- 10.4.Prevention of Non-structural Damage -- 10.4.1.Architectural Components -- 10.4.2.Mechanical and Electrical Components -- 10.5.Isolation of Non-structures -- 10.5.1.Architectural Components -- 10.5.2.Mechanical Components -- 11.Bhuj Earthquake 2001: A Case Study -- 11.1.Earthquake Parameters and Effects -- 11.1.1.Geological Effects -- 11.1.2.Geotechnical Effects -- 11.2.Buildings -- 11.2.1.Masonry Buildings -- 11.2.2.Reinforced Concrete Buildings -- 11.2.3.Precast Buildings -- Appendices -- I.Seismic Zones in India -- II.Some Significant Earthquakes in India -- III.Zone Factor for Some Important Towns in India -- IV.Definitions of Irregular Buildings -- Plan Irregularities -- V.Definitions of Irregular Buildings -- Vertical Irregularities -- VI.Determination of Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes -- VII.Horizontal Seismic Coefficient ( (Sa (B0) -- VIII.Importance Factor (I) -- IX.Soil-foundation Factor ( (Sb (B) -- X.Second-order Effects (P- (SE (B Effects) --
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    		TA658.44 .D84 2013 (Browse shelf (Opens below)) 1 Available STACKS 51952000322931

    Includes bibliographical references (pages 493-505) and index.

    Machine generated contents note: 1.Earthquakes and Ground Motion -- 1.1.The Interior of the Earth -- 1.2.Causes of Earthquakes -- 1.2.1.The Indian Plate and Himalayan Earthquakes -- 1.2.2.Elastic Rebound Theory -- 1.2.3.Plate Tectonic Theory -- 1.2.4.Causes of Volcanic Earthquakes -- 1.3.Nature and Occurrence of Earthquakes -- 1.4.Seismic Waves -- 1.5.Graphical Method of Locating Earthquakes -- 1.6.Effects of Earthquakes -- 1.7.Consequences of Earthquake Damage -- 1.8.Measurements of Earthquakes -- 1.8.1.Intensity -- 1.8.2.Magnitude -- 1.8.3.Moment Magnitude -- 1.8.4.Magnitude and Intensity in Seismic Regions -- 1.8.5.Seismographs -- 1.9.Strong Ground Motion -- 1.10.Local Site Effects -- 1.10.1.Topographic Effects -- 1.10.2.Basin Effects -- 1.10.1.Lateral Discontinuity Effects -- 1.11.Classification of Earthquakes -- 1.12.Seismic Zoning -- 1.13.Response of Structure to Earthquake Motion -- 1.14.Seismic Design -- 2.Dynamics of Structures and Seismic Response -- 2.1.Modelling of Structures -- 2.1.1.Lumped Mass Approach -- 2.1.2.Generalized Displacement Procedure -- 2.1.3.Finite Element Procedure -- 2.2.Equations of Motion -- 2.2.1.Direct Equilibration Using d'Alembert's Principle -- 2.2.2.Principle of Virtual Displacements -- 2.2.3.Energy Method -- Hamilton's Principle -- 2.3.Systems with Single Degree of Freedom -- 2.4.Dynamic Response of Single-storey Structure -- 2.4.1.Free Vibration Response -- 2.4.2.Forced Vibration Response -- 2.5.Seismic Response of SDOF Structures -- 2.5.1.Elastic Seismic Response -- 2.5.2.Inelastic Seismic Response -- 2.6.Response Spectrum -- 2.6.1.Elastic Systems -- 2.6.2.Inelastic Systems -- 2.7.Design Spectrum -- 2.7.1.Elastic Systems -- 2.7.2.Inelastic Systems -- 2.8.Systems with Multiple Degrees of Freedom -- 2.8.1.Equations of Motion -- 2.9.Periods and Modes of Vibration of MDOF Systems -- 2.10.Elastic Response of MDOF Systems -- 2.11.Inelastic Response of MDOF Systems -- 2.12.Restoring Force -- 2.13.Damping -- 2.14.Damping Values for Buildings -- 2.15.Uncertainties of Dynamic Analysis -- 3.Dynamics of Soils and Seismic Response -- 3.1.Stress Conditions of Soil Element -- 3.2.Dynamic Behaviour of Soil -- 3.2.1.Settlement of Dry Sands -- 3.2.2.Liquefaction of Saturated Cohesionless Soils -- 3.3.Dynamic Design Parameters of Soils -- 3.3.1.Shear Modulus -- 3.3.2.Damping -- 3.4.Soil-Structure Interaction -- 3.5.Dynamic Analysis of Soil -- Structure Systems -- 3.5.1.Soil Models -- 3.5.2.Methods of Analysis -- 3.6.Seismic Considerations for Foundations -- 3.6.1.Shallow Foundations (Spread Footing) -- 3.6.2.Deep Foundations (Pile Foundation) -- 3.7.Test of Soil Characteristics -- 3.7.1.Field Tests -- 3.7.2.Laboratory Tests -- 4.Conceptual Design -- 4.1.Continuous Load Path -- 4.2.Overall Form -- 4.3.Simplicity, Unformity, and Symmetry -- 4.4.Elongated Shapes -- 4.5.Stiffness and Strength -- 4.6.Horizontal and Vertical Members -- 4.7.Twisting of Buildings -- 4.8.Ductility -- 4.9.Flexible Building -- 4.10.Functional Planning -- 4.11.Framing Systems -- 4.12.Effect of Non-structural Elements -- 4.13.Choice of Construction Materials -- 5.Code-based Analysis Method and Design Approaches -- 5.1.Seismic Design Requirements -- 5.2.Design Earthquake Loads -- 5.2.1.Design Horizontal Earthquake Load -- 5.2.2.Design Vertical Earthquake Load -- 5.2.3.Combination for Two-or Three-component Motion -- 5.2.4.Basic Load Combinations -- 5.3.Permissible Stresses -- 5.4.Seismic Methods of Analysis -- 5.4.1.Basic Assumptions -- 5.4.2.Methods of Elastic Analysis -- 5.4.3.Limitations of Equivalent Lateral Force and Response Spectrum Analysis Procedures -- 5.4.4.Equivalent Lateral Force vs Response Spectrum Analysis Procedures -- 5.5.Factors in Seismic Analysis -- 5.5.1.Zone Factor [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 6.4] -- 5.5.2.Importance Factor [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.2] -- 5.5.3.Response Reduction Factor [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 6.4] -- 5.5.4.Fundamental Natural Period -- 5.5.5.Design Response Spectrum [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 6.4.5] -- 5.6.Seismic Base Shear -- 5.7.Seismic Weight [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.4] -- 5.8.Distribution of Design Force [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.7] -- 5.8.1.Equivalent Lateral Force Method -- 5.8.2.Response Spectrum Method -- 5.9.Time-history Method -- 5.10.Torsion [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.9] -- 5.11.Soft and Weak Storeys in Construction [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.10] -- 5.12.Overturning Moment -- 5.13.Other Structural Requirements -- 5.13.1.Storey Drift [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.11.1] -- 5.13.2.Deformation Compatibility of Non-seismic Members (IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.11.2) -- 5.13.3.Separation between Adjacent Units [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.11.3] -- 5.13.4.Foundations [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.12.1] -- 5.13.5.Cantilever Projections [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.12.2] -- 5.13.6.Compound Walls [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.12.3] -- 5.13.7.Connections between Parts [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.12.4] -- 5.14.Earthquake-resistant Design Methods -- 5.15.Seismic Response Control -- 5.16.Seismic Response Control Systems -- 5.17.Passive Seismic Control System -- 5.17.1.Base Isolation and Isolating Devices -- 5.17.2.Energy Dissipation and Dissipating Devices -- Dampers -- 5.17.3.Dynamic Oscillators -- 5.18.Active Seismic Control System -- 5.19.Hybrid Seismic Control Systems -- 5.20.Semi-active Control Systems -- 6.Masonry Buildings -- 6.1.Categories of Masonry Buildings -- 6.2.Behaviour of Unreinforced Masonry Walls -- 6.3.Behaviour of Reinforced Masonry Walls -- 6.4.Behaviour of Walls -- Box Action and Bands -- 6.5.Behaviour of Infill Walls -- 6.6.Confined Masonry Construction -- 6.7.Improving Seismic Behaviour of Masonry Buildings -- 6.8.Load Combinations and Permissible Stresses -- 6.9.Seismic Design Requirements -- 6.10.Seismic Design of Masonry Buildings -- 6.11.Restoration and Strengthening of Masonry Walls -- 6.11.1.Grouting -- 6.11.2.Guniting -- 6.11.3.Prestressing -- 6.11.4.External Binding -- 6.11.5.Inserting New Wall -- 7.Timber Buildings -- 7.1.Structural Form -- 7.2.Connections -- 7.2.1.Nailed Joints -- 7.2.2.Bolted Joints -- 7.2.3.Connector Joints -- 7.2.4.Finger Joints -- 7.3.Lateral Load Transfer in Timber Buildings -- 7.4.Floors and Roofs -- 7.5.Timber Shear Panel Construction -- 7.6.Stud-wall Construction -- 7.7.Brick-nogged Timber Frame Construction -- 7.8.Substructure -- 7.9.Site Response -- 7.10.Ductile Behaviour of Joints -- 7.11.Fire Resistance -- 7.12.Decay -- 7.13.Permissible Stresses -- 7.14.Restoration and Strengthening -- 7.14.1.Strengthening of Slabs -- 8.Reinforced Concrete Buildings -- 8.1.Damage to RC Buildings -- 8.2.Principles of Earthquake-resistant Design of RC Members -- 8.2.1.Ductile Failure -- 8.3.Interaction between Concrete and Steel -- 8.4.Concrete Detailing -- General Requirements -- 8.5.Flexural Members in Frames -- 8.5.1.Dimensions -- 8.5.2.Longitudinal Reinforcement -- 8.5.3.Lap Splices -- 8.5.4.Web Reinforcement -- 8.6.Columns and Frame Members Subjected to Bending and Axial Load -- 8.6.1.Dimensions -- 8.6.2.Longitudinal Reinforcement -- 8.6.3.Transverse Reinforcement -- 8.7.Special Confining Reinforcement -- 8.8.Joints of Frames -- 8.9.Slabs -- 8.9.1.Diaphragm Action -- 8.9.2.Ductile Detailing -- 8.10.Staircases -- 8.11.Upstands and Parapets -- 8.12.Shear Walls -- 8.13.Behaviour of Shear Walls -- 8.14.Tall Shear Walls -- 8.14.1.Flexural Strength -- 8.14.2.Shear Strength -- 8.14.3.Construction Joints -- 8.15.Squat Shear Walls -- 8.16.Design of Shear Walls -- 8.17.Restoration and Strengthening -- 8.17.1.Restoration -- 8.17.2.Strengthening -- 8.18.Prestressed Concrete Construction -- 8.18.1.Specifications -- 8.18.2.Characteristics -- 8.19.Precast Concrete Construction -- 9.Steel Buildings -- 9.1.Seismic Behaviour of Structural Steel -- 9.2.Materials and Workmanship -- 9.3.Steel Frames -- 9.3.1.Behaviour of Unbraced Frames -- 9.3.2.Behaviour of Braced Frames -- 9.4.Flexural Members -- 9.4.1.Behaviour under Cyclic Loading -- 9.5.Frame Members Subjected to Axial Compression and Bending -- 9.5.1.Moment -- Curvature Relationship for Columns -- 9.5.2.Behaviour of Columns under Cyclic Loading -- 9.6.Connection Design and Joint Behaviour -- 9.6.1.Detailing of Steel Connections -- 9.6.2.Behaviour of Connections under Cyclic Loading -- 9.7.Steel Panel Zones -- 9.7.1.Deformation Behaviour of Panel Zone -- 9.7.2.Detailing Panel Zone for Seismic Resistance -- 9.7.3.Stiffeners in

    Panel Zone -- 9.8.Bracing Members -- 9.8.1.Behaviour of Bracing under Cyclic Loading -- 9.9.Loads and Load Combinations -- 9.10.Ductile Design of Frame Members -- 9.11.Retrofitting and Strengthening of Structural Steel Frames -- 9.11.1.Retrofitting -- 9.11.2.Strengthening -- 10.Non-structural Elements -- 10.1.Failure Mechanisms of Non-structures -- 10.2.Effect of Non-structural Elements on Structural System -- 10.3.Analysis of Non-structural Elements -- 10.3.1.Dynamic Analysis -- 10.3.2.Equivalent Static Analysis -- 10.4.Prevention of Non-structural Damage -- 10.4.1.Architectural Components -- 10.4.2.Mechanical and Electrical Components -- 10.5.Isolation of Non-structures -- 10.5.1.Architectural Components -- 10.5.2.Mechanical Components -- 11.Bhuj Earthquake 2001: A Case Study -- 11.1.Earthquake Parameters and Effects -- 11.1.1.Geological Effects -- 11.1.2.Geotechnical Effects -- 11.2.Buildings -- 11.2.1.Masonry Buildings -- 11.2.2.Reinforced Concrete Buildings -- 11.2.3.Precast Buildings -- Appendices -- I.Seismic Zones in India -- II.Some Significant Earthquakes in India -- III.Zone Factor for Some Important Towns in India -- IV.Definitions of Irregular Buildings -- Plan Irregularities -- V.Definitions of Irregular Buildings -- Vertical Irregularities -- VI.Determination of Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes -- VII.Horizontal Seismic Coefficient ( (Sa (B0) -- VIII.Importance Factor (I) -- IX.Soil-foundation Factor ( (Sb (B) -- X.Second-order Effects (P- (SE (B Effects) --

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