Includes bibliographical references (p. 544-550) and index.

1.2 Communication Systems 3 -- 1.3 The Physical Layer 3 -- 1.4 The Data-Link Layer 5 -- 1.4.1 FDMA 5 -- 1.4.2 TDMA 6 -- 1.4.3 CDMA 7 -- 1.4.4 SDMA 8 -- Chapter 2 Propagation and Noise 11 -- 2.2 Free-Space Propagation 13 -- 2.2.1 Isotropic Radiation 13 -- 2.2.2 Directional Radiation 15 -- 2.2.3 The Friis Equation 18 -- 2.2.4 Polarization 19 -- 2.3 Terrestrial Propagation: Physical Models 19 -- 2.3.1 Reflection and the Plane-Earth Model 20 -- 2.3.2 Diffraction 24 -- 2.3.3 Diffraction Losses 28 -- 2.4 Terrestrial Propagation: Statistical Models 30 -- 2.4.1 Median Path Loss 30 -- 2.4.2 Local Propagation Loss 32 -- 2.5 Indoor Propagation 33 -- 2.6 Local Propagation Effects with Mobile Radio 36 -- 2.6.1 Rayleigh Fading 36 -- 2.6.2 Rician Fading 40 -- 2.6.3 Doppler 42 -- 2.6.4 Fast Fading 44 -- 2.7 Channel Classification 48 -- 2.7.1 Time-Selective Channels 50 -- 2.7.2 Frequency-Selective Channels 52 -- 2.7.3 General Channels 52 -- 2.7.4 WSSUS Channels 54 -- 2.7.5 Coherence Time 57 -- 2.7.6 Power-Delay Profile 58 -- 2.7.7 Coherence Bandwidth 60 -- 2.7.8 Stationary and Nonstationary Channels 61 -- 2.7.9 Summary of Channel Classification 62 -- 2.8 Noise and Interference 63 -- 2.8.1 Thermal Noise 63 -- 2.8.2 Equivalent Noise Temperature and Noise Figure 66 -- 2.8.3 Noise in Cascaded Systems 68 -- 2.8.4 Man-Made Noise 70 -- 2.8.5 Multiple-Access Interference 71 -- 2.9 Link Calculations 75 -- 2.9.1 Free-Space Link Budget 75 -- 2.9.2 Terrestrial Link Budget 80 -- 2.10 Theme Example 1: Okumura-Hata Empirical Model 82 -- 2.11 Theme Example 2: Wireless Local Area Networks 85 -- 2.11.1 Propagation Model 85 -- 2.11.2 Receiver Sensitivity 85 -- 2.11.3 Range 86 -- 2.11.4 Power-Delay Profile 86 -- 2.11.5 Modulation 88 -- 2.12 Theme Example 3: Impulse Radio and Ultra-Wideband 89 -- Chapter 3 Modulation and Frequency-Division Multiple Access 103 -- 3.2 Modulation 105 -- 3.2.1 Linear and Nonlinear Modulation Processes 106 -- 3.2.2 Analog and Digital Modulation Techniques 107 -- 3.2.3 Amplitude and Angle Modulation Processes 107 -- 3.3 Linear Modulation Techniques 108 -- 3.3.1 Amplitude Modulation 108 -- 3.3.2 Binary Phase-Shift Keying 110 -- 3.3.3 Quadriphase-Shift Keying 112 -- 3.3.4 Offset Quadriphase-Shift Keying 114 -- 3.3.5 [pi]/4-Shifted Quadriphase-Shift Keying 116 -- 3.4 Pulse Shaping 116 -- 3.4.1 Root Raised-Cosine Pulse Shaping 119 -- 3.5 Complex Representation of Linear Modulated Signals and Band-Pass Systems 122 -- 3.5.1 Complex Representation of Linear Band-Pass Systems 124 -- 3.6 Signal-Space Representation of Digitally Modulated Signals 126 -- 3.7 Nonlinear Modulation Techniques 130 -- 3.7.1 Frequency Modulation 130 -- 3.7.2 Binary Frequency-Shift Keying 132 -- 3.7.3 Continuous-Phase Modulation: Minimum Shift Keying 133 -- 3.7.4 Power Spectra of MSK Signal 137 -- 3.7.5 Gaussian-Filtered MSK 139 -- 3.8 Frequency-Division Multiple Access 142 -- 3.9 Two Practical Issues of Concern 144 -- 3.9.1 Adjacent Channel Interference 144 -- 3.9.2 Power Amplifier Nonlinearity 146 -- 3.10 Comparison of Modulation Strategies for Wireless Communications 148 -- 3.10.1 Linear Channels 148 -- 3.10.2 Nonlinear Channels 150 -- 3.11 Channel Estimation and Tracking 151 -- 3.11.1 Differential Detection 152 -- 3.11.2 Pilot Symbol Transmission 154 -- 3.12 Receiver Performance: Bit Error Rate 158 -- 3.12.1 Channel Noise 158 -- 3.13 Theme Example 1: Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 162 -- 3.13.1 Cyclic Prefix 167 -- 3.14 Theme Example 2: Cordless Telecommunications 168 -- Chapter 4 Coding and Time-Division Multiple Access 179 -- 4.2 Sampling 182 -- 4.3 Why Follow Sampling with Coding? 184 -- 4.4 Shannon's Information Theory 185 -- 4.4.1 Source-Coding Theorem 185 -- 4.4.2 Channel-Coding Theorem 186 -- 4.4.3 Information Capacity Theorem 187 -- 4.4.4 Rate Distortion Theory 188 -- 4.5 Speech Coding 189 -- 4.5.1 Linear Prediction 189 -- 4.5.2 Multipulse Excited LPC 190 -- 4.5.3 Code-Excited LPC 192 -- 4.6 Error-Control Coding 193 -- 4.6.1 Cyclic Redundancy Check Codes 194 -- 4.7 Convolutional Codes 195 -- 4.7.1 Trellis and State Diagrams of Convolutional Codes 198 -- 4.7.2 Free Distance of a Convolutional Code 200 -- 4.8 Maximum-Likelihood Decoding of Convolutional Codes 201 -- 4.9 The Viterbi Algorithm 203 -- 4.9.1 Modifications of the Viterbi Algorithm 205 -- 4.10 Interleaving 207 -- 4.10.1 Block Interleaving 208 -- 4.10.2 Convolutional Interleaving 210 -- 4.10.3 Random Interleaving 212 -- 4.11 Noise Performance of Convolutional Codes 212 -- 4.12 Turbo Codes 215 -- 4.12.1 Turbo Encoding 215 -- 4.12.2 Turbo Decoding 216 -- 4.12.3 Noise Performance 218 -- 4.12.4 Maximum a Posteriori Probability Decoding 219 -- 4.13 Comparison of Channel-Coding Strategies for Wireless Communications 222 -- 4.13.1 Encoding 223 -- 4.13.2 Decoding 224 -- 4.13.3 AWGN Channel 225 -- 4.13.4 Fading Wireless Channels 225 -- 4.13.5 Latency 225 -- 4.13.6 Joint Equalization and Decoding 226 -- 4.14 RF Modulation Revisited 226 -- 4.15 Baseband Processing for Channel Estimation and Equalization 227 -- 4.15.1 Channel Estimation 229 -- 4.15.2 Viterbi Equalization 231 -- 4.16 Time-Division Multiple Access 233 -- 4.16.1 Advantages of TDMA over FDMA 234 -- 4.16.2 TDMA Overlaid on FDMA 235 -- 4.17 Theme Example 1: GSM 236 -- 4.18 Theme Example 2: Joint Equalization and Decoding 239 -- 4.18.1 Computer Experiment 241 -- 4.19 Theme Example 3: Random-Access Techniques 243 -- 4.19.1 Pure Aloha 243 -- 4.19.2 Slotted Aloha 245 -- 4.19.3 Carrier-Sense Multiple Access 245 -- 4.19.4 Other Considerations with Random-Access Protocols 248 -- Chapter 5 Spread Spectrum and Code-Division Multiple Access 258 -- 5.2 Direct-Sequence Modulation 260 -- 5.2.1 The Spreading Equation 260 -- 5.2.2 Matched-Filter Receiver 262 -- 5.2.3 Performance with Interference 263 -- 5.3 Spreading Codes 265 -- 5.3.1 Walsh-Hadamard Sequences 267 -- 5.3.2 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factors 269 -- 5.3.3 Maximal-Length Sequences 270 -- 5.3.4 Scramblers 274 -- 5.3.5 Gold Codes 274 -- 5.3.6 Random Sequences 276 -- 5.4 The Advantages of CDMA for Wireless 279 -- 5.4.1 Multiple-Access Interference 279 -- 5.4.2 Multipath Channels 283 -- 5.4.3 RAKE Receiver 284 -- 5.4.4 Fading Channels 288 -- 5.4.5 Summary of the Benefits of DS-SS 289 -- 5.5 Code Synchronization 290 -- 5.6 Channel Estimation 292 -- 5.7 Power Control: The Near-Far Problem 294 -- 5.8 FEC Coding and CDMA 297 -- 5.9 Multiuser Detection 299 -- 5.10 CDMA in a Cellular Environment 301 -- 5.11 Frequency-Hopped Spread Spectrum 306 -- 5.11.1 Complex Baseband Representation of FH-SS 307 -- 5.11.2 Slow-Frequency Hopping 308 -- 5.11.3 Fast-Frequency Hopping 310 -- 5.11.4 Processing Gain 310 -- 5.12 Theme Example 1: IS-95 311 -- 5.12.1 Channel Protocol 311 -- 5.12.2 Pilot Channel 313 -- 5.12.3 Downlink CDMA Channels 314 -- 5.12.4 Power Control 316 -- 5.12.5 Cellular Considerations 317 -- 5.12.6 Uplink 318 -- 5.13 Theme Example 2: GPSS 319 -- 5.14 Theme Example 3: Bluetooth 321 -- 5.15 Theme Example 4: WCDMA 323 -- 5.15.1 Bandwidth and Chip Rate 324 -- 5.15.2 Data Rates and Spreading Factor 324 -- 5.15.3 Modulation and Synchronization 324 -- 5.15.4 Forward Error-Correction Codes 324 -- 5.15.5 Channel Types 325 -- 5.15.6 Uplink 325 -- 5.15.7 Downlink 326 -- 5.15.8 Multicode Transmission 327 -- 5.15.9 Cellular Considerations 327 -- 5.16 Theme Example 5: Wi-Fi 328 -- Chapter 6 Diversity, Capacity, and Space-Division Multiple Access 339 -- 6.2 "Space Diversity on Receive" Techniques 341 -- 6.2.1 Selection Combining 341 -- 6.2.2 Maximal-Ratio Combining 346 -- 6.2.3 Equal-Gain Combining 353 -- 6.2.4 Square-Law Combining 353 -- 6.3 Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output Antenna Systems 357 -- 6.3.1 Coantenna Interference 358 -- 6.3.2 Basic Baseband Channel Model 360 -- 6.4 MIMO Capacity for Channel Known at the Receiver 363 -- 6.4.1 Ergodic Capacity 363 -- 6.4.2 Two Other Special Cases of the Log-Det Formula:

Capacities of Receive and Transmit Diversity Links 366 -- 6.4.3 Outage Capacity 367 -- 6.4.4 Channel Known at the Transmitter 371 -- 6.5 Singular-Value Decomposition of the Channel Matrix 371 -- 6.5.1 Eigendecomposition of the Log-det Capacity Formula 374 -- 6.6 Space-Time Codes for MIMO Wireless Communications 376 -- 6.6.2 Alamouti Code 379 -- 6.6.3 Performance Comparison of Diversity-on-Receive and Diversity-on-Transmit Schemes 387 -- 6.6.4 Generalized Complex Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes 389 -- 6.6.5 Performance Comparisons of Different Space-Time Block Codes Using a Single Receiver 392 -- 6.7 Differential Space-Time Block Codes 395 -- 6.7.2 Transmitter and Receiver Structures 401 -- 6.7.3 Noise Performance 402 -- 6.8 Space-Division Multiple Access and Smart Antennas 404 -- 6.8.1 Antenna Arrays 406 -- 6.8.2 Multipath with Directional Antennas 412 -- 6.9 Theme Example 1: BLAST Architectures 415 -- 6.9.1 Diagonal-BLAST Architecture 416 -- 6.9.2 Vertical-BLAST Architecture 417 -- 6.9.3 Turbo-BLAST Architecture 419 -- 6.9.4 Experimental Performance Evaluation of Turbo-BLAST versus V-BLAST 422 -- 6.10 Theme Example 2: Diversity, Space-Time Block Codes, and V-BLAST 426 -- 6.10.1 Diversity-on-Receive versus Diversity-on-Transmit 426 -- 6.10.2 Space-Time Block Codes versus V-BLAST 427 -- 6.10.3 Diversity Order and Multiplexing Gain 429 -- 6.11 Theme Example 3: Keyhole Channels 432

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